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  • Review Article
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High-energy neutrino transients and the future of multi-messenger astronomy

Nature Reviews Physics volume 4, pages 697–712 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

The discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos and the first hints of coincident electromagnetic and neutrino emissions opened new opportunities in multi-messenger astronomy. Owing to their high power, transient sources are expected to supply a significant fraction of the observed energetic astroparticles, through enhanced particle acceleration and interactions. Here, we review theoretical expectations of neutrino emission from transient astrophysical sources and the current and upcoming experimental landscape, highlighting the most promising channels for discovery and specifying their detectability.

Key points

  • The production of high-energy to ultra-high-energy neutrinos is governed by the interaction of accelerated cosmic rays with photon and baryon backgrounds, and high-power astrophysical transients are promising source candidates for these energetic astroparticles.

  • The properties of these neutrinos, in particular their energy and flux, depend on numerous physical processes operating at different timescales and length scales, and, therefore, their description requires careful modelling combining various phenomenological or numerical methods.

  • Transient sources have widely different observational characteristics and, to assess their detectability in neutrinos, the time-dependent modelling of multi-wavelength signals, multi-messenger signals and their uncertainties is essential.

  • Further constraints on source modelling and the actual identification of neutrino transients will be achieved by adequate and powerful neutrino detectors, combined with electromagnetic follow-up telescopes and gravitational wave detectors via efficient networks.

  • The observational prospects are promising, with several high-energy-neutrino observatories already in construction, a first generation of ultra-high-energy-neutrino observatories planned to be fully deployed around 2025–2030 and, on the electromagnetic side, several wide-field-of-view instruments planned for 2025 and beyond, with great potential for discoveries and excellent neutrino follow-up capabilities.

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Fig. 1: Maximum neutrino energy (in eV) that could be produced by various categories of transient sources, with variability timescale tvar and bolometric luminosity Lbol.
Fig. 2: All-flavour neutrino fluence from theoretically predicted short and long astrophysical transients and comparison with the sensitivity of existing and upcoming neutrino detectors.
Fig. 3: Comparison of the local density and implied neutrino energy output of transient extragalactic neutrino sources to the sensitivity of upcoming ultra-high-energy neutrino detectors.

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Acknowledgements

Many thanks to our numerous colleagues for providing detailed input on the cited experiments, sometimes performing new calculations and discussing with us about the relevant numbers to quote: M. Ackermann, J. Alvarez Muñiz, C. Arguelles, J. Ballet, D. Barret, M. Boer, S. Buson, M. Bustamante, K. Chambers, A. Coleiro, A. Coleman, A. Connolly, F. Daigne, C. Deaconu, M. de Naurois, K. de Vries, D. Dornic, C. Haack, C. James, A. Karle, M. Kasliwal, C. Kopper, M. Lemoine, V. Lipunov, O. Martineau-Huynh, M. Mostafa, N. Otte, N. Park, L. Piro, S. Prunet, E. Resconi, A. Romero-Wolf, M. Santander, M. Sasaki, L. Schumacher, F. Schüssler, B. Shappee, R. Stein, O. Suvorova, J. Tonry, M. Unger, N. van Eindhoven, A. Vincent, S. Wissel, J. Wood, Y. Zhang. We thank A. Coleiro, S. Kimura and F. Schüssler for insightful feedback that helped improve the manuscript. C.G. is supported by the Neil Gehrels Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship. K.K. is supported by the APACHE grant (ANR-16-CE31-0001) of the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

    Claire Guépin

  2. Sorbonne Université et CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France

    Kumiko Kotera

  3. Physics Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

    Kumiko Kotera

  4. Institutt for fysikk, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

    Foteini Oikonomou

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Guépin, C., Kotera, K. & Oikonomou, F. High-energy neutrino transients and the future of multi-messenger astronomy. Nat Rev Phys 4, 697–712 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-022-00504-9

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