Extended Data Fig. 1: ISCs overproliferate in both males and females in a white-dependent manner during ageing.

a, ISC proliferation during ageing in males. b, ISC proliferation during ageing in females. Note that ISCs in females proliferate more than those in males regardless of age and genetic background. c, Females have more mitotic ISCs per gut (left), bigger guts (middle) and more mitotic ISCs per unit area (right) than males regardless of age. Progeny from crosses between female Oregon R and male w¹¹¹⁸ were used for this analysis. d, Male progeny from crosses between Oregon R and w¹¹¹⁸ have the same autosomes but different sex chromosomes. e, The male progeny with endogenous white exhibit ageing-induced ISC proliferation but those without white do not. f, Male progeny from crosses between Oregon R and w¹ were used to examine ISC proliferation during ageing. g, w^{1 Oregon R} flies do not demonstrate ISC dysregulation during ageing. h, Paraquat or DSS induces comparable ISC proliferation in Oregon R and w^{Oregon R} flies. Statistical significance was determined using two-tailed unpaired t-test (a, b, e, f, g), two-tailed Mann Whitney test (c) and one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-test (h).