In the past few years, newly developed technologies have improved endoscopic recognition of the duodenum, making possible the real-time recognition of the duodenal villous pattern during upper endoscopy. This Review highlights the progress made that could be helpful for the diagnosis of celiac disease, including the development of the water-immersion technique, high-resolution magnification endoscopy, chromoendoscopy, optical band imaging, optical coherence tomography and confocal endomicroscopy.
- Giovanni Cammarota
- Paolo Fedeli
- Antonio Gasbarrini
