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Layered black phosphorous has gained significant attention in the 2D materials community, and dynamical control of its bandgap is key to enable novel applications. Here, the authors demonstrate continuous electrical bandgap tuning using moderate displacement fields.

The applications of graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides in electronics are limited by their zero-bandgap and low mobility, respectively. Here, the authors demonstrate the potential of an emerging layered material—black phosphorous—for thin film electronics and infrared optoelectronics.

A large-angle twist between two bilayer graphene films makes a sensitive and broadband infrared–terahertz detector as a result of interlayer screening and a crystal field-induced bandgap.

Controlling the periodicity of synthesized moiré materials is vital to harness their unique physics. Here the authors realize the van der Waals epitaxy of tunable moiré heterostructures and reveal the epitaxial science governing their formation.

Controlling the vapour transport mode with sustained release of precursor species allows for the growth of single-crystalline black phosphorus and black phosphorus–arsenic thin films on the millimetre scale.

Massless electrons in graphene exhibit a mass when considered as collective excitations known as plasmons.

A powerful strategy to leverage and combine the optoelectronic characteristics of different 2D materials is to stack them into vertical van der Waals heterostructures. This approach is now used to realize efficient light-emitting devices.

Polarization-resolved photoluminescence measurements reveal the anisotropic character of excitons in monolayer black phosphorus, which are found to have a large binding energy.

Tunable quantum geometric properties of moiré graphene enable the use of a convolutional neural network to simultaneously decipher the light polarization, power and wavelength in a subwavelength-scale smart device.

The low mobility measured for molybdenum disulphide layers grown using chemical vapour deposition limits the applications of these promising materials. Here, the authors show that band tail states play an important role on its electronic properties and that the band mobility is significantly higher.

A single-photodetector spectrometer based on black phosphorus is demonstrated in the wavelength range from 2 to 9 μm. The footprint is 9 × 16 μm². The spectrometer is free from bulky interferometers and gratings, and is electrically reconfigurable.

Excitonic states with hybrid dimensionality in layered silicon diphosphide exhibit interesting features such as linearly dichroic photoluminescence and unusually strong exciton–phonon coupling.

A system of patterned graphene nanoresonators/nanoribbons can be used as an efficient mid-infrared detector, based on plasmonic resonant absorption and subsequent carrier thermalization.

The bandgap of ultrathin black phosphorus can be tuned by a vertical electric field. Here, the authors leverage such electric field to extend the photoresponse of a black phosphorus photodetector to 7.7 μm, opening the doors to various mid-infrared applications.

Scientist and engineer who helped shape semiconductor technologies.

Owing to the superlattice-induced bandgap and superlattice-enhanced density of states, small-twist-angled (<2°) bilayer graphene exhibits a strong gate-tunable photoresponse in the mid-infrared regime of 5 to 12 μm, reaching an extrinsic peak responsivity of 26 mA W⁻¹ at 12 μm.

Layered black phosphorus and its isoelectronic group IV monochalcogenides have distinctive physical properties arising from their unusual crystal symmetries. This Review discusses some of the interesting physical phenomena, possible device applications and future research directions for this group of materials.

The optical properties of graphene and emerging two-dimensional materials including transition metal dichalcogenides are reviewed with an emphasis on nanophotonic applications.