Ectopic foci in pulmonary veins can trigger episodes of atrial fibrillation, but how these foci arise remains unclear. Dr Mark Shen and colleagues review the role of the autonomous nervous system in the induction and maintenance of atrial arrhythmias, and discuss neural modulation as a treatment strategy for patients with atrial fibrillation.
- Mark J. Shen
- Eue-Keun Choi
- Peng-Sheng Chen