Intravesical immunotherapy using BCG is the treatment approach for patients with high-risk and intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, recurrence and progression are a problem. In this Review, an expert group of authors from the International Bladder Cancer Group discuss the treatment options available after BCG failure and provide recommendations for optimal management of these patients.
- Ashish M. Kamat
- Marc Colombel
- J. Alfred Witjes