Understanding the fundamental impact of sex and gender on human health and disease is crucial for optimizing precision medicine. In this Review, Khramtsova, Davis and Stranger discuss the roles of sex in the genetics of complex traits, including genomic evidence for sex-dependent genetic architecture, models and molecular mechanisms of sexually differentiated phenotypes and implications for health care.
- Ekaterina A. Khramtsova
- Lea K. Davis
- Barbara E. Stranger