Transthoracic echocardiography is a well-established imaging modality for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of cardiac structure and function. In this Review, Boyd et al. describe the broad principles of traditional echocardiographic techniques, including two-dimensional, colour, and spectral Doppler echocardiography, as well as newer and more advanced techniques, including tissue Doppler, stress, contrast, and three-dimensional echocardiography.
- Anita C. Boyd
- Nelson B. Schiller
- Liza Thomas
