Important differences exist between women and men in clinical presentation, recognition of symptoms, response to treatment, and outcomes in ischaemic heart disease (IHD). In this Review, Vaccarino et al. discuss the current evidence for sex-related differences in the manifestation of IHD, diagnostic strategy, and approaches to treatment, and identify gaps in the literature that need to be addressed in future research.
- Viola Vaccarino
- Lina Badimon
- Raffaele Bugiardini
