Changes in bone quality and quantity are associated with an increased risk of fracture in patients with chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD–MBD). Here, methods used to assess bone quality abnormalities across different hierarchical levels are outlined, as well as the results, such as abnormalities in structural parameters and bone material or mechanical properties, which are linked to an increased risk of fracture. Such assessment will improve our understanding of CKD–MBD and aid therapeutic development.
- Hartmut H. Malluche
- Daniel S. Porter
- David Pienkowski