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The deepwater oxygen deficit in stratified shallow seas is mediated by diapycnal mixing
Oxygen deprivation in the marine environment is likely to be exacerbated by climate change. We present data to show the potential impact of changing weather patterns in the development of a seasonal oxygen deficit in seasonally stratifying shelf seas.
- Tom Rippeth
- , Sijing Shen
- & Jonathan Sharples
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Article
| Open Access
Amundsen Sea circulation controls bottom upwelling and Antarctic Pine Island and Thwaites ice shelf melting
On-shelf circulation modulates vertical velocity via bottom Ekman dynamics, controlling thermocline depth and melting of Amundsen Sea ice shelves. This mechanism does not support the widely believed linkage between off-shelf wind and on-shelf heat.
- Taewook Park
- , Yoshihiro Nakayama
- & SungHyun Nam
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Ice shelf basal channel shape determines channelized ice-ocean interactions
Interactions between meltwater flow and ice shelf basal channels are studied using a 3D boundary current model. Deep channels are found to significantly enhance channelized basal melting, meltwater channeling, and warming and salinization of channel flow.
- Chen Cheng
- , Adrian Jenkins
- & Chengyan Liu
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The role of mountains in shaping the global meridional overturning circulation
This paper presents quantitative evaluation of the role of different continental mountains in shaping the global meridional overturning circulation. The Tibetan Plateau is likely to have been crucial in molding the global thermohaline circulation.
- Haijun Yang
- , Rui Jiang
- & Jiangping Huang
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Matters Arising
| Open AccessReply to: Coastal shoreline change assessments at global scales
- Rafael Almar
- , Julien Boucharel
- & Erwin W. J. Bergsma
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Article
| Open Access
Marine heatwaves disrupt ecosystem structure and function via altered food webs and energy flux
This work leverages a new diet database and six long term monitoring efforts of 361 taxa to build comparable pre- and post-heatwave ecosystem models. The study provides empirical demonstration of changes in ecosystem-wide patterns of energy flux and biomass in response to marine heatwaves.
- Dylan G. E. Gomes
- , James J. Ruzicka
- & Joshua D. Stewart
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Atlantic origin of the increasing Asian westerly jet interannual variability
The summer jet stream above East Asia has become more variable in recent decades, leading to weather and climate extremes across Eurasia. The authors show that a Scandinavian Pattern in preceding February is driving the strong variability.
- Lifei Lin
- , Chundi Hu
- & Dake Chen
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The North Equatorial Current and rapid intensification of super typhoons
The authors show that the deep thermocline and strong stratification of the North Equatorial Current of the western North Pacific cause rapid intensification and maintain tropical cyclones, as with 2018 Mangkhut, the longest Category-5 super typhoon in record.
- Sok Kuh Kang
- , Sung-Hun Kim
- & Brian Ward
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Article
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Circum-Antarctic bottom water formation mediated by tides and topographic waves
This study identifies the key roles of tides and topographic waves in forming Antarctic bottom water in different regions. The Antarctic coastline is divided into four overflow dynamical regimes, providing guidance for future observations.
- Xianxian Han
- , Andrew L. Stewart
- & Arnold L. Gordon
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Article
| Open Access
Anthropogenic carbon pathways towards the North Atlantic interior revealed by Argo-O2, neural networks and back-calculations
Large emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide have been partly absorbed by the oceans. Here, the authors use Argo-O2 floats combined with existing methods to study the distribution of this anthropogenic CO2 in the North Atlantic Ocean.
- Rémy Asselot
- , Lidia I. Carracedo
- & Fiz F. Pérez
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Atlantic Water warming increases melt below Northeast Greenland’s last floating ice tongue
The 79 North Glacier features Greenland’s largest floating ice tongue, which has been thinning from below in the last few decades. Here, the drivers of the upward trend and interannual variability of basal melt are disentangled.
- Claudia Wekerle
- , Rebecca McPherson
- & Torsten Kanzow
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Article
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Global and regional ocean mass budget closure since 2003
This study shows that ice loss and human water use models explain global and regional satellite-observed ocean mass changes since 2003 and thereby pinpoint the main cause of sea level rise, with a negligible role coming from natural variability.
- Carsten Bjerre Ludwigsen
- , Ole Baltazar Andersen
- & Matt A. King
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Monitoring ocean currents during the passage of Typhoon Muifa using optical-fiber distributed acoustic sensing
Using microseismic noise observed by distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) with a submarine cable, this study measures the magnitude and direction of ocean currents during the passage of typhoon Muifa and estimates the ocean wave propagation.
- Jianmin Lin
- , Sunke Fang
- & Wen Xu
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Article
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East Antarctic warming forced by ice loss during the Last Interglacial
Climate simulations of the Last Interglacial show that Antarctic ice loss induces warming of East Antarctica. Meltwater equivalent to the ice loss induces warming of the subsurface. Both effects can further enhance Antarctic ice sheet deterioration
- David K. Hutchinson
- , Laurie Menviel
- & Andrew McC. Hogg
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Skillful multiyear prediction of marine habitat shifts jointly constrained by ocean temperature and dissolved oxygen
Here, the authors show that multiyear prediction of marine habitat shifts can be skillfully accomplished by combining trait based aerobic habitat constraints with a suite of initialized retrospective Earth System Model temperature forecasts.
- Zhuomin Chen
- , Samantha Siedlecki
- & Curtis A. Deutsch
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Persistent warm-eddy transport to Antarctic ice shelves driven by enhanced summer westerlies
The offshore heat supplied to the Antarctic continental shelves by warm eddies has a potential impact on the melting of ice shelves. Here, how warm eddies form and intrude onto the continental shelf and play an important role in ice shelf melting is shown.
- Libao Gao
- , Xiaojun Yuan
- & Guy D. Williams
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Quantifying coastal freshwater extremes during unprecedented rainfall using long timeseries multi-platform salinity observations
In 2022, record rainfall in Australia impacted coastal salinity and circulation. In this paper, the authors used ocean gliders to track extreme low salinity conditions that lasted months and extended over 70 km offshore.
- Neil Malan
- , Moninya Roughan
- & Tim Ingleton
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High Salinity Shelf Water production rates in Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea from high-resolution salinity observations
Antarctic Bottom Water ventilates the deep ocean, but studies of its source regions are limited due to scarce observations. Miller et al. leverage mooring data to quantify the production rate of a key constituent water mass produced in the Ross Sea.
- Una Kim Miller
- , Christopher J. Zappa
- & Won Sang Lee
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Acceleration of the ocean warming from 1961 to 2022 unveiled by large-ensemble reanalyses
The authors used a state-of-the-science ensemble ocean reconstruction to analyze ocean heat content evolution over the last 62 years, focusing on the analysis of warming acceleration and the main sources of its uncertainty.
- Andrea Storto
- & Chunxue Yang
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Increasing tropical cyclone intensity in the western North Pacific partly driven by warming Tibetan Plateau
The weakened vertical wind shear is the primary driver behind increasing tropical cyclone intensity in the western North Pacific monsoon trough. This weakening is partly driven by warming in the Tibetan Plateau.
- Jing Xu
- , Ping Zhao
- & Lu Liu
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Increased Asian aerosols drive a slowdown of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Increased anthropogenic aerosol emissions from Asia generate circumglobal Rossby waves that contribute to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation slowdown by suppressing heat loss in the Labrador Sea.
- Fukai Liu
- , Xun Li
- & Lei Zhou
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Uncertainties in critical slowing down indicators of observation-based fingerprints of the Atlantic Overturning Circulation
Ben-Yami et al. present methods to quantify uncertainties and address biases in indicators for detecting stability changes in key Earth system components. Data gap filling introduces biases, but the stability decline in the North Atlantic remains significant.
- Maya Ben-Yami
- , Vanessa Skiba
- & Niklas Boers
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Compensating transport trends in the Drake Passage frontal regions yield no acceleration in net transport
Time series of high spatial resolution ocean temperature, salinity and velocity across Drake Passage show that compensating trends across the frontal regions yield no acceleration in net transport over the last 15 years despite increased wind stress.
- Manuel O. Gutierrez-Villanueva
- , Teresa K. Chereskin
- & Janet Sprintall
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Ocean warming drives rapid dynamic activation of marine-terminating glacier on the west Antarctic Peninsula
Warm ocean waters and favourable bathymetry caused Cadman Glacier on the Antarctic Peninsula to increase speed by 94% from 2018 to 2019. This led to increased ice discharge, glacier retreat of 8 kilometres, and glacier thinning by 20 meters per year.
- Benjamin J. Wallis
- , Anna E. Hogg
- & Carlos Moffat
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Article
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Rapid disintegration and weakening of ice shelves in North Greenland
North Greenland ice shelves have lost more than a third of their masses, thinning dramatically from below due to increased ocean temperatures. In response, grounding lines have retreated and the amount of ice discharged into the ocean has increased.
- R. Millan
- , E. Jager
- & A. Bjørk
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Article
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Atlantic-origin water extension into the Pacific Arctic induced an anomalous biogeochemical event
The authors show that the appearance of anomalously low oxygen and acidified water on the Chukchi Plateau, a high-seas fishable area of the western Arctic Ocean, is associated with a change in basin-scale ocean circulation related to the recent sea ice loss.
- Shigeto Nishino
- , Jinyoung Jung
- & Sung-Ho Kang
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Recent acceleration in global ocean heat accumulation by mode and intermediate waters
By analyzing historical and Argo observations, the authors find that the warming of mode and intermediate water layers drives most of the global upper 2000 m ocean warming, highlighting the outsized heat uptake by regional water masses in both hemispheres.
- Zhi Li
- , Matthew H. England
- & Sjoerd Groeskamp
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Overemphasized role of preceding strong El Niño in generating multi-year La Niña events
This study shows the crucial role of subtropical ENSO dynamics linked to the North Pacific Meridional Mode in generating multi-year La Niña events, challenging the traditional views that emphasized the role of El Niño amplitude in the preceding year.
- Ji-Won Kim
- , Jin-Yi Yu
- & Baijun Tian
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Mesophotic coral bleaching associated with changes in thermocline depth
Rising global temperatures cause widespread bleaching of shallow coral reefs but mesophotic reefs at depths over 30 metres are thought to be sheltered by cooler waters. Here, at sites in the Chagos Archipelago, the authors show bleaching of corals at depths of 90 metres, which might be due to warm surface waters being pushed deeper by the ocean’s response to the Indian Ocean Dipole.
- Clara Diaz
- , Nicola L. Foster
- & Phil Hosegood
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Vertical structures of marine heatwaves
The authors identify four main types of vertical structures of marine heatwaves, with different impact depths and spatio-temporal distributions, that are influenced by multiscale ocean dynamical processes.
- Ying Zhang
- , Yan Du
- & Alistair J. Hobday
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Nutrient and arsenic biogeochemistry of Sargassum in the western Atlantic
The Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt is a hazard for coastal communities. Elevated N and P in the GASB are measured, with As content reflecting P limitation. Nutrient availability causes GASB blooms but reducing P would increase As accumulation.
- Dennis Joseph McGillicuddy Jr.
- , Peter Lynn Morton
- & Brian Edward Lapointe
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Drivers of Antarctic sea ice advance
Processes controlling the onset of the Antarctic sea ice season remain unclear. Here, analyses of observations show that ocean solar energy storage and sea ice drift are key drivers, providing insights to understand variations in sea ice season duration.
- Kenza Himmich
- , Martin Vancoppenolle
- & Marion Lebrun
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Doubling of surface oceanic meridional heat transport by non-symmetry of mesoscale eddies
Ocean eddies are known to induce global heat transport but how this is influenced by their shape is unknown. Here the authors combine in-situ drifter and satellite data to show that eddy-induced heat transport can be doubled due to their elongated shape.
- Hailin Wang
- , Bo Qiu
- & Zhengguang Zhang
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Impacts of marine heatwaves on top predator distributions are variable but predictable
This study examines the effect of four marine heatwaves in the Northeast Pacific on the distributions of 14 top predators, revealing a wide-array of predator responses both among and within heatwaves. Predator responses were highly predictable, demonstrating capacity for early warning systems of heatwave impacts, similar to weather forecasts.
- Heather Welch
- , Matthew S. Savoca
- & Elliott L. Hazen
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Effects of paleogeographic changes and CO2 variability on northern mid-latitudinal temperature gradients in the Cretaceous
Simulations using a coupled atmosphere-ocean model show that paleogeography-driven reduction in the intensity of surface ocean circulation explains much of the increase in the mid-latitudinal sea surface temperature gradient during the Cretaceous.
- Kaushal Gianchandani
- , Sagi Maor
- & Nathan Paldor
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Atlantic meridional overturning circulation increases flood risk along the United States southeast coast
AMOC-induced heat advection controls ocean temperature in the subtropical North Atlantic, drives year-to-year changes of basin-wide and coastal sea level, and accounts for 30-50% of flood days along the South Atlantic Bight and Gulf of Mexico coasts in 2015-2020.
- Denis L. Volkov
- , Kate Zhang
- & Dimitris Menemenlis
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On-shelf circulation of warm water toward the Totten Ice Shelf in East Antarctica
The Totten Glacier in East Antarctica is grounded below sea level and vulnerable to ocean forcing. Observations and simulations demonstrate warm water access from offshore to the glacier, facilitated by deep topography off the Sabrina Coast.
- Daisuke Hirano
- , Takeshi Tamura
- & Shigeru Aoki
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Decadal changes in Atlantic overturning due to the excessive 1990s Labrador Sea convection
Using high-resolution model experiments, the authors identify the rapid spreading of mid-depth density anomalies from the Labrador to the Irminger Sea as a prime mechanism in the generation of decadal changes in the Atlantic overturning circulation.
- C. W. Böning
- , P. Wagner
- & A. Biastoch
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Universal alignment in turbulent pair dispersion
Turbulent pair dispersion is relevant for mixing processes such as microplastics transport in the ocean or dynamics of water droplets in clouds. The authors present a geometrical framework and empirical evidence that elucidate the universality of the process across scales, while forming a bridge with the classical Richardson theory.
- Ron Shnapp
- , Stefano Brizzolara
- & Markus Holzner
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Influence of El Niño on the variability of global shoreline position
In this study, the authors use a global dataset of satellite-derived shoreline positions, and demonstrate that their interannual evolution is dominated by El Niño through its worldwide influence of sea level, river discharge and ocean waves
- Rafael Almar
- , Julien Boucharel
- & Fei-Fei Jin
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Role of the Maritime Continent in the remote influence of Atlantic Niño on the Pacific
Equatorial Atlantic sea-surface temperature anomalies force an eastward propagating atmospheric Kelvin wave, enabling the Atlantic to impact the Pacific, with the interaction of the Kelvin wave and the Maritime Continent critical in this teleconnection.
- Siying Liu
- , Ping Chang
- & Ingo Richter
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Rain triggers seasonal stratification in a temperate shelf sea
Seasonal stratification on the northwest European Shelf is found to be triggered by rainfall from passing storms. Further links are made between the onset of stratification to large-scale pressure changes in the North Atlantic.
- J. E. Jardine
- , M. Palmer
- & J. Wihsgott
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| Open Access
Oceanic mesoscale eddies as crucial drivers of global marine heatwaves
New paper by Bian and colleagues shows that oceanic mesoscale eddies act as a dominant driver of #marine #heatwave life cycles over most parts of the global #ocean.
- Ce Bian
- , Zhao Jing
- & Haiyuan Yang
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| Open Access
Isotopic evidence for an intensified hydrological cycle in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean
Based on concurrent salinity and oxygen isotope observations, the authors find that amplification of the atmospheric water cycle is the main contributor to changes in surface salinity in the Indian Southern Ocean over the past three decades.
- Camille Hayatte Akhoudas
- , Jean-Baptiste Sallée
- & Christian Stranne
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Article
| Open Access
Large-scale control of the retroflection of the Labrador Current
The authors find that whether the Labrador Current transports its cold, relatively fresh, and well oxygenated waters towards the subpolar North Atlantic or the eastern American coast depends on large-scale forcing, partly driven by winds over the North Atlantic.
- Mathilde Jutras
- , Carolina O. Dufour
- & Lauryn C. Talbot
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Article
| Open Access
The potential for coral reef restoration to mitigate coastal flooding as sea levels rise
The capacity of coral reefs to keep pace with sea-level rise is central to their ability to continue to provide shoreline protection to vulnerable coastal communities. Here, the study shows that whereas restoration has the potential to minimize climate-change impacts, doing nothing will amplify them.
- Lauren T. Toth
- , Curt D. Storlazzi
- & Richard B. Aronson
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Article
| Open Access
Atlantic water intrusion triggers rapid retreat and regime change at previously stable Greenland glacier
From 2018 to 2021, KIV Steenstrups Nordre Bræ, a marine-terminating outlet glacier of the Greenland Ice Sheet, retreated ~7 km, thinned ~20%, doubled in discharge, and accelerated ~300%. This rate of change is unprecedented in the observational record.
- T. R. Chudley
- , I. M. Howat
- & A. Negrete
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Article
| Open Access
Widespread global disparities between modelled and observed mid-depth ocean currents
Analysis of big Argo data reveals that model representation of global ocean circulation near 1000-m depth is substantially compromised by inaccuracies. Only 3.8% of the mid-depth ocean circulation can be considered accurately modelled.
- Fenzhen Su
- , Rong Fan
- & Fei Chai
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Article
| Open Access
Future strengthening of the Nordic Seas overturning circulation
In contrast to the North Atlantic, the projected overturning circulation in the Nordic Seas increases throughout most of the 21st century in global climate model simulations. The Nordic Seas could therefore be a stabilizing factor in the future AMOC.
- Marius Årthun
- , Helene Asbjørnsen
- & Kjetil Våge
Weakened western Indian Ocean dominance on Antarctic sea ice variability in a changing climate