Abstract
Since the early nineteenth century, it has been known that an electric potential can be generated by driving an ionic liquid through fine channels or holes under a pressure gradient. More recently, it has been reported that carbon nanotubes can generate a voltage when immersed in flowing liquids, but the exact origin of these observations is unclear, and generating electricity without a pressure gradient remains a challenge. Here, we show that a voltage of a few millivolts can be produced by moving a droplet of sea water or ionic solution over a strip of monolayer graphene under ambient conditions. Through experiments and density functional theory calculations, we find that a pseudocapacitor is formed at the droplet/graphene interface, which is driven forward by the moving droplet, charging and discharging at the front and rear of the droplet. This gives rise to an electric potential that is proportional to the velocity and number of droplets. The potential is also found to be dependent on the concentration and ionic species of the droplet, and decreases sharply with an increasing number of graphene layers. We illustrate the potential of this electrokinetic phenomenon by using it to create a handwriting sensor and an energy-harvesting device.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the 973 program (2013CB932604, 2012CB933403), the National NSF (91023026, 11172124, 51375240, 51002076) of China, Jiangsu Province NSF (BK20130781, BK2011722), China Postdoctoral Foundation (2012T50494), Funding of Jiangsu Innovation Program for Graduate Education (CXLX12_0136), Funding for Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation in NUAA (BCXJ12-02) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (NJ20120016, NP2013309). The authors acknowledge a scholarship from Dawning Information Industry.
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W.G. conceived the project and designed the experiments with J.Yin. J.Yin, X.L. and J.Z. performed the experiments. J.Yu and Z.Z. performed the calculations. W.G., J.Yin and J.Yu analysed the data. W.G., J.Yin and Z.Z. wrote the paper. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.
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Yin, J., Li, X., Yu, J. et al. Generating electricity by moving a droplet of ionic liquid along graphene. Nature Nanotech 9, 378–383 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.56
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.56
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